Corporate tax breaks for innovation lead to two kinds of economic growth: in capital investment and highly compensated jobs, according to a new study from a researcher at The University of Texas at Austin.

Because innovation is key to growth in high-tech economies, one strategy has been to give companies a tax break for it. As of 2022, 21 countries worldwide had reduced rates for income resulting from intellectual property (IP), such as patents, copyrights and trademarks. Prior research has shown that such policies, known as “innovation boxes,” boost IP indicators such as patents.

A new Texas McCombs study looked at seven countries for which relatively complete data was available. The U.S. did not have an innovation box tax policy during the study period, 1999 to 2017.

“We showed the tangible results of tax cuts for IP,” said Lisa De Simone, McCombs associate professor of accounting, who researches how tax policy influences where companies decide to put their offices, factories and people. “This is important information for policymakers as they consider changes to tax regulations.”

Innovation-related tax cuts had several impacts, according to De Simone’s findings:

Increased Asset Investment. Countries reducing tax rates for innovative activities saw 2.6% higher levels of capital expenditures, including assets such as factories and machinery, compared with similar countries offering no tax incentive. But a significant rate cut — 60% or more — was needed to show results.

“You can’t just discount your rate a little bit if you want to attract the types of investment and employment that you’re trying to attract. You have to offer a pretty big benefit to see an effect,” De Simone said.

Higher Pay for Some. The study found no bump in hiring or overall compensation from innovation box policies. But it found increased average pay for employees, probably including higher-skilled research and development workers. Workers earned at least 46,844 euros more, equal to $49,525 in U.S. dollars.

“It seems to show a change in the mix of employment, and overall employment might even dip,” said De Simone, who co-authored the paper with Shannon Chen of the University of Arizona, Michelle Hanlon of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Rebecca Lester of Stanford University.

Changes to Corporate Tax Forms. The name “innovation box” or “patent box” comes from a box that was added to corporate tax returns. Companies check the box to indicate that they have income derived from innovation, which qualifies for the lower rate.

U.S. Innovation Box Possible. The U.S. enacted something similar to an innovation box in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, a foreign-derived intangible income provision.

This provision gives a deduction to U.S. companies for sales exported to foreign countries, but it was enacted after most of the sample period, so it was not included in the study.

“It is sort of like giving a reduced tax rate on innovative income that’s being earned from overseas. But, some people would argue that it’s not really an innovation box,” said De Simone. “The idea was to try to increase investment in the U.S., but there’s a problem with the way that policy was passed. It actually includes incentives to reduce investment in the U.S., based on the way the benefit is calculated.

“If it is changed to a true innovation box comparable to the ones we study in this paper, it could increase investment in the U.S.”